Nestled in the heart of Pennsylvania’s Lehigh Valley, Bethlehem is a city that seamlessly blends its rich historical heritage with a vibrant present. Known as “The Christmas City,” Bethlehem’s story is one of transformation, resilience, and reinvention. From its humble beginnings as a Moravian settlement to its rise as an industrial powerhouse and its current status as a cultural and tourist destination, Bethlehem’s journey is as fascinating as it is inspiring.
The Founding of Bethlehem: A Christmas Eve Legacy
Moravian Roots
Bethlehem’s story begins on Christmas Eve in 1741 when a group of Moravian missionaries, led by Count Nicolaus von Zinzendorf, christened their new settlement “Bethlehem.” This name, inspired by the birthplace of Jesus Christ, would prove prophetic, setting the stage for the city’s enduring connection to the Christmas holiday.
Early Community Life
The Moravians who settled Bethlehem were industrious and forward-thinking. They established one of the first public water works systems in the American colonies in 1754 and were pioneers in education, founding schools that would later evolve into Moravian University. The community was organized into “choirs” based on age, gender, and marital status, with a strong emphasis on communal living and shared labor.
The Rise of Bethlehem Steel: Forging America’s Industrial Might
From Iron to Steel
While Bethlehem’s early years were defined by its Moravian heritage, the city’s destiny would be forever altered by the discovery of iron ore in the nearby hills. In 1857, the Saucona Iron Company was established, laying the foundation for what would become the industrial giant Bethlehem Steel.
The Birth of Bethlehem Steel
In 1899, the Bethlehem Steel Company was formed, and by 1904, it had evolved into the Bethlehem Steel Corporation. Under the leadership of Charles M. Schwab and later Eugene Grace, Bethlehem Steel grew to become the second-largest steel producer in the United States and one of the most powerful symbols of American industrial might.
Building America
Bethlehem Steel’s impact on American infrastructure cannot be overstated. The company’s steel was used in the construction of some of the nation’s most iconic structures, including:
- The Golden Gate Bridge
- The Chrysler Building
- The Empire State Building
- Madison Square Garden
During both World Wars, Bethlehem Steel played a crucial role in manufacturing warships and other military equipment, earning it the nickname “The Arsenal of America.”
The Christmas City Tradition: A Beacon of Holiday Spirit
Embracing the Christmas City Moniker
Bethlehem’s identity as the “Christmas City” is deeply rooted in its history and has been officially recognized since 1937. This designation wasn’t just a marketing ploy, but a reflection of the city’s long-standing connection to the holiday:
- The city was founded on Christmas Eve in 1741 by Moravian settlers, who named it after the birthplace of Jesus.
- Throughout its history, Bethlehem has maintained strong Christmas traditions, even as it grew into an industrial powerhouse.
- The official adoption of the “Christmas City USA” nickname in 1937 was a way to honor this heritage and create a unique identity for the city.
Festive Traditions
Bethlehem’s commitment to its Christmas heritage is evident in numerous holiday traditions that have become integral to the city’s character:
The Bethlehem Star
- The iconic star atop South Mountain has been a symbol of the city since 1937.
- It measures 91 feet high and can be seen for miles around.
- The star is illuminated year-round but takes on special significance during the holiday season.
- It serves as a beacon, guiding visitors to the city and symbolizing hope and light.
Moravian Stars
- These intricate multi-pointed paper lanterns are a nod to Bethlehem’s Moravian heritage.
- They can be seen adorning homes, businesses, and public spaces throughout the city.
- The stars range in size and complexity, from simple paper versions to elaborate lighted displays.
- Many residents and businesses take pride in creating unique and beautiful star displays.
Downtown Transformation
- The historic downtown area undergoes a magical transformation for the holiday season.
- Streets are lined with twinkling white lights, creating a warm and inviting atmosphere.
- Shops and restaurants decorate their storefronts with festive displays.
- The city maintains a tradition of using primarily white lights on the north side of the Lehigh River, while the south side features colored lights, creating a unique visual divide.
Christkindlmarkt and Other Holiday Events
Bethlehem’s holiday season is packed with events that draw visitors from near and far:
Christkindlmarkt
- Established in 1993, this holiday market has become one of Bethlehem’s signature events.
- It’s inspired by traditional German Christmas markets, known as Weihnachtsmärkte.
- The market typically runs for six weekends during the holiday season.
- Features include:
- Over 150 artisans selling handcrafted goods
- Live Christmas music and performances
- Ice sculpting and glassblowing demonstrations
- Traditional German and local food and drink offerings
- Christkindlmarkt has been recognized by Travel + Leisure, Forbes, and USA Today as one of the top holiday markets in the U.S.
Live Advent Calendar
- This unique event runs from December 1-23 in downtown Bethlehem.
- Each evening at 5:30 PM, a different business serves as the “door” for the day.
- Participants gather outside, and when the door opens, there’s a surprise such as music, treats, or small gifts.
- This tradition creates a sense of community and anticipation throughout the holiday season.
Historic Hotel Bethlehem Decorations
- The hotel, located in the heart of historic Bethlehem, goes all out for the holidays.
- Over 35,000 lights are used in its decorations.
- The lobby features multiple themed Christmas trees.
- The hotel’s holiday brunches and events have become a tradition for many families.
Trees of Historic Bethlehem
- This exhibition showcases themed Christmas trees in various historic locations around the city.
- Each tree is decorated to reflect a different aspect of Bethlehem’s history or culture.
- Visitors can tour the different sites, learning about the city’s heritage while enjoying the festive displays.
These traditions and events have helped Bethlehem truly embody its “Christmas City” moniker, creating a magical holiday atmosphere that draws visitors from around the country and keeps locals engaged in their city’s unique heritage. The blend of historical significance, community involvement, and festive cheer makes Bethlehem’s Christmas celebrations truly special and distinct from other holiday destinations.
The Decline of Bethlehem Steel: End of an Era
Changing Tides
Despite its dominance for much of the 20th century, Bethlehem Steel began to face significant challenges in the 1970s and 1980s. Increased foreign competition, changing market demands, and a failure to modernize operations all contributed to the company’s decline.
The Last Pour
On November 18, 1995, the last blast furnace at Bethlehem Steel’s home plant was shut down, marking the end of steelmaking in Bethlehem. This event, known as “The Last Pour,” was a poignant moment for the city and its residents, many of whom had worked at the plant for generations.
Bankruptcy and Closure
Bethlehem Steel filed for bankruptcy in 2001 and was dissolved in 2003, bringing to a close over a century of steelmaking history. The closure left a massive void in the city’s economy and identity, challenging Bethlehem to reinvent itself once again.
Reinvention and Renaissance: Bethlehem’s 21st Century Transformation
Preserving Industrial Heritage
Rather than demolish the remnants of its industrial past, Bethlehem chose to embrace and repurpose its steel mill. The former Bethlehem Steel site has been transformed into an arts and entertainment complex known as SteelStacks, featuring:
- The ArtsQuest Center, a cultural hub for music, film, and the arts
- The Levitt Pavilion, an outdoor amphitheater for free concerts
- The National Museum of Industrial History, showcasing America’s industrial heritage
Economic Diversification
Bethlehem has successfully diversified its economy, attracting new industries and businesses. The Lehigh Valley Industrial Park VII, developed on former Bethlehem Steel land, has brought new manufacturing and distribution jobs to the area.
Education and Innovation
The city’s educational institutions, including Lehigh University and Moravian University, continue to play a crucial role in driving innovation and attracting young talent to the region.
Bethlehem Today: A Blend of History and Progress
A Thriving Downtown
Bethlehem’s historic downtown area has undergone a remarkable revitalization in recent years, creating a vibrant urban core that attracts both residents and visitors:
Main Street Renaissance
The city’s Main Street, recognized as one of the top ten in the country by USA Today, showcases a perfect blend of historic charm and modern amenities. Beautifully preserved 18th and 19th-century buildings now house a diverse mix of businesses.
Boutique Shopping
The downtown area features an eclectic array of boutique shops, offering everything from locally made crafts and artisanal foods to high-end fashion and home decor. Many of these shops are housed in restored historic buildings, adding to the area’s unique character.
Culinary Scene
Bethlehem’s downtown boasts a thriving restaurant scene, with options ranging from casual cafes to fine dining establishments. Many restaurants emphasize farm-to-table cuisine, showcasing the bounty of the Lehigh Valley region.
Pedestrian-Friendly Design
Recent urban planning efforts have focused on making the downtown area more walkable, with wide sidewalks, ample street lighting, and strategically placed benches and green spaces.
Cultural Attractions
Bethlehem’s cultural scene is rich and diverse, offering year-round attractions that appeal to a wide range of interests:
Musikfest
This annual music festival, held each August, has grown to become one of the largest non-gated music festivals in the nation. It attracts nearly a million visitors over its 10-day run, featuring over 500 performances across multiple venues throughout the city.
Bethlehem Bach Festival
Celebrating the works of Johann Sebastian Bach since 1900, this festival is one of the oldest and most respected classical music festivals in the United States. It features world-class performances of Bach’s works in historic venues throughout the city.
The Banana Factory Arts Center
This converted banana distribution warehouse now serves as a hub for the arts in Bethlehem. It provides studio space for over 30 artists, hosts regular exhibitions and classes, and offers community outreach programs to promote arts education.
SteelStacks
This arts and cultural campus, built on the site of the former Bethlehem Steel plant, hosts numerous events throughout the year, including concerts, film screenings, and festivals. The striking backdrop of the preserved blast furnaces serves as a reminder of the city’s industrial heritage.
Touchstone Theatre
This professional, non-profit theatre company produces and presents original and classic works, contributing to Bethlehem’s vibrant performing arts scene.
Historic Preservation
Bethlehem’s commitment to preserving its rich architectural heritage is evident throughout the city:
Historic Bethlehem Museums & Sites
This organization maintains 20 historic buildings, offering visitors a glimpse into the city’s colonial past. These sites include:
- The 1741 Gemeinhaus, the largest 18th-century log structure in continuous use in the United States
- The 1762 Waterworks, a National Historic Landmark and the first pumped municipal water system in America
- The Moravian Museum of Bethlehem, showcasing the city’s Moravian heritage
National Historic Landmark District
The Moravian settlement area has been designated a National Historic Landmark District, recognizing its significance in early American history. This designation helps protect the area’s unique architectural character and cultural significance.
Adaptive Reuse
Many of Bethlehem’s historic buildings have been creatively repurposed for modern use, preserving their architectural integrity while meeting contemporary needs. For example, the former Bethlehem Steel General Office Building has been converted into a modern office complex.
Walking Tours
The city offers various guided and self-guided walking tours that highlight its architectural treasures and historical sites, allowing visitors to immerse themselves in Bethlehem’s rich past.
Bethlehem’s success in blending its historical roots with modern progress has created a unique urban environment that honors its past while embracing the future. This harmonious integration of old and new has not only preserved the city’s rich heritage but has also positioned Bethlehem as a desirable place to live, work, and visit in the 21st century.
Looking to the Future: Challenges and Opportunities
Balancing Growth and Preservation
As Bethlehem continues to grow and attract new residents and businesses, the city faces the challenge of balancing development with historic preservation. Maintaining the character that makes Bethlehem unique while accommodating modern needs is an ongoing process.
Sustainability Initiatives
Bethlehem is increasingly focusing on sustainability and green initiatives. The city has implemented programs to reduce energy consumption, increase recycling, and promote alternative transportation options.
Continuing Economic Development
While Bethlehem has made significant strides in reinventing its economy, continued efforts are needed to attract and retain businesses and create job opportunities for residents.
Conclusion: A City of Resilience and Reinvention
Bethlehem’s journey from a small Moravian settlement to an industrial powerhouse and now to a diverse, culturally rich city is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. The city has faced numerous challenges throughout its history, from the decline of its primary industry to the need for economic reinvention. Yet, through it all, Bethlehem has maintained its unique character and sense of community.
From the twinkling lights of the Christmas season to the towering blast furnaces that stand as monuments to its industrial past, Bethlehem offers a truly unique American experience. It’s a place where holiday cheer meets historical significance, where the echoes of steel hammers blend with the sounds of carols, and where each generation writes a new chapter in a story that began on a Christmas Eve nearly three centuries ago.
Whether you’re drawn by the promise of holiday magic, the allure of industrial history, or the charm of a thriving small city, Bethlehem welcomes you to explore its streets, engage with its community, and become part of its ongoing story. In Bethlehem, every visit is an opportunity to experience the warmth of the Christmas City and the strength of its steelmaking legacy, all while witnessing the unfolding of a bright and promising future.
